The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe

Iosif Lazaridis; Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg; Ayşe Acar; Ayşen Açıkkol; Anagnostis Agelarakis; Levon Aghikyan; Uğur Akyüz; Desislava Andreeva; Gojko Andrijašević; Dragana Antonović; Ian Armit; Alper Atmaca; Pavel Avetisyan; Ahmet İhsan Aytek; Krum Bacvarov; Ruben Badalyan; Stefan Bakardzhiev; Jacqueline Balen; Lorenc Bejko; Rebecca Bernardos; Andreas Bertsatos; Hanifi Biber; Ahmet Bilir; Mario Bodružić; Michelle Bonogofsky; Clive Bonsall; Dušan Borić; Nikola Borovinić; Guillermo Bravo Morante; Katharina Buttinger; Kim Callan; Francesca Candilio; Mario Carić; Olivia Cheronet; Stefan Chohadzhiev; Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou; Stella Chryssoulaki; Ion Ciobanu; Natalija Čondić; Mihai Constantinescu; Emanuela Cristiani; Brendan J Culleton; Elizabeth Curtis; Jack Davis; Tatiana I Demcenco; Valentin Dergachev; Zafer Derin; Sylvia Deskaj; Seda Devejyan; Vojislav Djordjević; Kellie Sara Duffett Carlson; Laurie R Eccles; Nedko Elenski; Atilla Engin; Nihat Erdoğan; Sabiha Erir-Pazarcı; Daniel M Fernandes; Matthew Ferry; Suzanne Freilich; Alin Frînculeasa; Michael L Galaty; Beatriz Gamarra; Boris Gasparyan; Bisserka Gaydarska; Elif Genç; Timur Gültekin; Serkan Gündüz; Tamás Hajdu; Volker Heyd; Suren Hobosyan; Nelli Hovhannisyan; Iliya Iliev; Lora Iliev; Stanislav Iliev; İlkay İvgin; Ivor Janković; Lence Jovanova; Panagiotis Karkanas; Berna Kavaz-Kındığılı; Esra Hilal Kaya; Denise Keating; Douglas J Kennett; Seda Deniz Kesici; Anahit Khudaverdyan; Krisztián Kiss; Sinan Kılıç; Paul Klostermann; Sinem Kostak Boca Negra Valdes; Saša Kovačević; Marta Krenz-Niedbała; Maja Krznarić Škrivanko; Rovena Kurti; Pasko Kuzman; Ann Marie Lawson; Catalin Lazar; Krassimir Leshtakov; Thomas E Levy; Ioannis Liritzis; Kirsi O Lorentz; Sylwia Łukasik; Matthew Mah; Swapan Mallick; Kirsten Mandl; Kristine Martirosyan-Olshansky; Roger Matthews; Wendy Matthews; Kathleen McSweeney; Varduhi Melikyan; Adam Micco; Megan Michel; Lidija Milašinović; Alissa Mittnik; Janet M Monge; Georgi Nekhrizov; Rebecca Nicholls; Alexey G Nikitin; Vassil Nikolov; Mario Novak; Iñigo Olalde; Jonas Oppenheimer; Anna Osterholtz; Celal Özdemir; Kadir Toykan Özdoğan; Nurettin Öztürk; Nikos Papadimitriou; Niki Papakonstantinou; Anastasia Papathanasiou; Lujana Paraman; Evgeny G Paskary; Nick Patterson; Ilian Petrakiev; Levon Petrosyan; Vanya Petrova; Anna Philippa-Touchais; Ashot Piliposyan; Nada Pocuca Kuzman; Hrvoje Potrebica; Bianca Preda-Bălănică; Zrinka Premužić; T Douglas Price; Lijun Qiu; Siniša Radović; Kamal Raeuf Aziz; Petra Rajić Šikanjić; Kamal Rasheed Raheem; Sergei Razumov; Amy Richardson; Jacob Roodenberg; Rudenc Ruka; Victoria Russeva; Mustafa Şahin; Ayşegül Şarbak; Emre Savaş; Constanze Schattke; Lynne Schepartz; Tayfun Selçuk; Ayla Sevim-Erol; Michel Shamoon-Pour; Henry M Shephard; Athanasios Sideris; Angela Simalcsik; Hakob Simonyan; Vitalij Sinika; Kendra Sirak; Ghenadie Sirbu; Mario Šlaus; Andrei Soficaru; Bilal Söğüt; Arkadiusz Sołtysiak; Çilem Sönmez-Sözer; Maria Stathi; Martin Steskal; Kristin Stewardson; Sharon Stocker; Fadime Suata-Alpaslan; Alexander Suvorov; Anna Szécsényi-Nagy; Tamás Szeniczey; Nikolai Telnov; Strahil Temov; Nadezhda Todorova; Ulsi Tota; Gilles Touchais; Sevi Triantaphyllou; Atila Türker; Marina Ugarković; Todor Valchev; Fanica Veljanovska; Zlatko Videvski; Cristian Virag; Anna Wagner; Sam Walsh; Piotr Włodarczak; J Noah Workman; Aram Yardumian; Evgenii Yarovoy; Alper Yener Yavuz; Hakan Yılmaz; Fatma Zalzala; Anna Zettl; Zhao Zhang; Rafet Çavuşoğlu; Nadin Rohland; Ron Pinhasi; David Reich; Ruben Davtyan

doi:10.1126/science.abm4247

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The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe

Journal article

Peer reviewed

The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe

Iosif Lazaridis, Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Ayşe Acar, Ayşen Açıkkol, Anagnostis Agelarakis, Levon Aghikyan, Uğur Akyüz, Desislava Andreeva, Gojko Andrijašević, Dragana Antonović, …

Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), Vol.377(6609), eabm4247

08/26/2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247

PMID: 36007055

Abstract

Balkan Peninsula

Human beings -- Migration -- History -- To 1500

Genetics -- Asia, Western -- History

Indo-Europeans -- Origin

Bronze Age -- Europe

Languages -- Origin

Asia

Europe

Human Genome

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.

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Title: The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe
Creators: Iosif Lazaridis - Harvard University
Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg - Harvard University
Ayşe Acar - Mardin Artuklu University
Ayşen Açıkkol - Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Anagnostis Agelarakis - Adelphi University
Levon Aghikyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Uğur Akyüz - Samsun Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, Kale Mahallesi, Merkez, İlkadım, 55030 Samsun, Turkey
Desislava Andreeva - Museum of History Iskra
Gojko Andrijašević - Historical Musem in Kotor, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro
Dragana Antonović - Institute of Archaeology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Ian Armit - University of York
Alper Atmaca - Amasya Üniversitesi
Pavel Avetisyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
Ahmet İhsan Aytek - Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi
Krum Bacvarov - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Ruben Badalyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Stefan Bakardzhiev - Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria
Jacqueline Balen - Archaeological Museum in Zagreb
Lorenc Bejko - University of Tirana
Rebecca Bernardos - Harvard University
Andreas Bertsatos - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Hanifi Biber - Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
Ahmet Bilir - Düzce Üniversitesi
Mario Bodružić - Stratum Ltd., 21218 Seget Donji, Croatia
Michelle Bonogofsky - Film Independent
Clive Bonsall - University of Edinburgh
Dušan Borić - American Academy in Rome
Nikola Borovinić - Prirodnjacki Muzej Crne Gore
Guillermo Bravo Morante - University of Vienna
Katharina Buttinger - University of Vienna
Kim Callan - Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Francesca Candilio - Museo Egizio
Mario Carić - Institute for Anthropological Research
Olivia Cheronet - University of Vienna
Stefan Chohadzhiev - St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo
Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou - National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Stella Chryssoulaki - Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports
Ion Ciobanu - National Archaeological Museum
Natalija Čondić - Archaeological Museum in Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
Mihai Constantinescu - "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
Emanuela Cristiani - Sapienza University of Rome
Brendan J Culleton - Pennsylvania State University
Elizabeth Curtis - Harvard University
Jack Davis - University of Cincinnati
Tatiana I Demcenco - Aberystwyth University
Valentin Dergachev - Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Zafer Derin - Ege University
Sylvia Deskaj - University of Michigan
Seda Devejyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
Vojislav Djordjević - Narodni muzej Pančcevo, 26101 Pančevo, Serbia
Kellie Sara Duffett Carlson - University of Vienna
Laurie R Eccles - Pennsylvania State University
Nedko Elenski - St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo
Atilla Engin - Gaziantep University
Nihat Erdoğan - Mardin Artuklu University
Sabiha Erir-Pazarcı - Muğla University
Daniel M Fernandes - University of Vienna
Matthew Ferry - Harvard University
Suzanne Freilich - University of Vienna
Alin Frînculeasa - Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, 100042 Ploiești, Romania
Michael L Galaty - University of Michigan
Beatriz Gamarra - Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social
Boris Gasparyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Bisserka Gaydarska - Durham University
Elif Genç - Cukurova University
Timur Gültekin - Ankara University
Serkan Gündüz - Bursa Uludağ Üni̇versi̇tesi̇
Tamás Hajdu - Eötvös Loránd University
Volker Heyd - University of Helsinki
Suren Hobosyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Nelli Hovhannisyan - Yerevan State University
Iliya Iliev - Harvard University
Lora Iliev - Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Stanislav Iliev - Regional Museum of History, 6300 Haskovo, Bulgaria
İlkay İvgin - Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Ivor Janković - Institute for Anthropological Research
Lence Jovanova - Museum of the City of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
Panagiotis Karkanas - American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Berna Kavaz-Kındığılı - Atatürk University
Esra Hilal Kaya - Muğla University
Denise Keating - University of Vienna
Douglas J Kennett - Pennsylvania State University
Seda Deniz Kesici - Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
Anahit Khudaverdyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Krisztián Kiss - Eötvös Loránd University
Sinan Kılıç - Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
Paul Klostermann - Natural History Museum Vienna
Sinem Kostak Boca Negra Valdes - Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
Saša Kovačević - Institute of Archaeology
Marta Krenz-Niedbała - Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
Maja Krznarić Škrivanko - Municipal Museum Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia
Rovena Kurti - Academy of Sciences of Albania
Pasko Kuzman - National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"
Ann Marie Lawson - Harvard University
Catalin Lazar - University of Bucharest
Krassimir Leshtakov - Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
Thomas E Levy - University of California San Diego
Ioannis Liritzis - Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research
Kirsi O Lorentz - Cyprus Institute
Sylwia Łukasik - Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
Matthew Mah - Harvard University
Swapan Mallick - Harvard University
Kirsten Mandl - University of Vienna
Kristine Martirosyan-Olshansky - University of California, Los Angeles
Roger Matthews - University of Reading
Wendy Matthews - University of Reading
Kathleen McSweeney - University of Edinburgh
Varduhi Melikyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Adam Micco - Harvard University
Megan Michel - Harvard University
Lidija Milašinović - National Library of Serbia
Alissa Mittnik - Harvard University
Janet M Monge - University of Pennsylvania
Georgi Nekhrizov - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Rebecca Nicholls - University of Bradford
Alexey G Nikitin - Grand Valley State University
Vassil Nikolov - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Mario Novak - Institute for Anthropological Research
Iñigo Olalde - Harvard University
Jonas Oppenheimer - Harvard University
Anna Osterholtz - Mississippi State University
Celal Özdemir - Amasya Üniversitesi
Kadir Toykan Özdoğan - University of Vienna
Nurettin Öztürk - Atatürk University
Nikos Papadimitriou - Paul and Alexandra Canellopoulos Museum, 105-55 Athens, Greece
Niki Papakonstantinou - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Anastasia Papathanasiou - Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports
Lujana Paraman - Trogir Town Museum, 21220 Trogir, Croatia
Evgeny G Paskary - Geographical Association
Nick Patterson - Harvard University
Ilian Petrakiev - St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo
Levon Petrosyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Vanya Petrova - Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
Anna Philippa-Touchais - French School at Athens
Ashot Piliposyan - Armenian State Pedagogical University after Khachatur Abovian
Nada Pocuca Kuzman - National Museum in Ohrid, 6000 Ohrid, North Macedonia
Hrvoje Potrebica - University of Zagreb
Bianca Preda-Bălănică - University of Helsinki
Zrinka Premužić - Independent Researcher, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
T Douglas Price - University of Wisconsin–Madison
Lijun Qiu - Harvard University
Siniša Radović - Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Kamal Raeuf Aziz - Sulaymaniyah Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, 46010 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Petra Rajić Šikanjić - Institute for Anthropological Research
Kamal Rasheed Raheem - Sulaymaniyah Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, 46010 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Sergei Razumov - Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova
Amy Richardson - University of Reading
Jacob Roodenberg - The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, 2311 Leiden, Netherlands
Rudenc Ruka - Academy of Sciences of Albania
Victoria Russeva - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Mustafa Şahin - Bursa Uludağ Üni̇versi̇tesi̇
Ayşegül Şarbak - Hitit Üniversitesi
Emre Savaş - Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
Constanze Schattke - University of Vienna
Lynne Schepartz - University of the Witwatersrand
Tayfun Selçuk - Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
Ayla Sevim-Erol - Ankara University
Michel Shamoon-Pour - Binghamton University
Henry M Shephard - Archaeological Institute of America
Athanasios Sideris - Charles University
Angela Simalcsik - Romanian Academy
Hakob Simonyan - Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology
Vitalij Sinika - Shevchenko Transnistria State University
Kendra Sirak - Harvard University
Ghenadie Sirbu - Thracology Scientific Research Laboratory of the State University of Moldova, Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2009 Chișinău, Moldova
Mario Šlaus - Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Andrei Soficaru - "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
Bilal Söğüt - Pamukkale University
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak - University of Warsaw
Çilem Sönmez-Sözer - Ankara University
Maria Stathi - Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports
Martin Steskal - Austrian Academy of Sciences
Kristin Stewardson - Harvard University
Sharon Stocker - University of Cincinnati
Fadime Suata-Alpaslan - Istanbul University
Alexander Suvorov - University of Helsinki
Anna Szécsényi-Nagy - Research Centre for the Humanities
Tamás Szeniczey - Eötvös Loránd University
Nikolai Telnov - Shevchenko Transnistria State University
Strahil Temov - Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
Nadezhda Todorova - Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
Ulsi Tota - Academy of Sciences of Albania
Gilles Touchais - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
Sevi Triantaphyllou - Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Atila Türker - Ondokuz Mayıs University
Marina Ugarković - Institute of Archaeology
Todor Valchev - Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria
Fanica Veljanovska - Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
Zlatko Videvski - Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
Cristian Virag - Satu Mare County Museum, 440031 Satu Mare, Romania
Anna Wagner - University of Vienna
Sam Walsh - University of Lancashire
Piotr Włodarczak - Polish Academy of Sciences
J Noah Workman - Harvard University
Aram Yardumian - Bryn Athyn College
Evgenii Yarovoy - Moscow Region State University
Alper Yener Yavuz - Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi
Hakan Yılmaz - Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
Fatma Zalzala - Harvard University
Anna Zettl - University of Vienna
Zhao Zhang - Harvard University
Rafet Çavuşoğlu - Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
Nadin Rohland - Harvard University
Ron Pinhasi - University of Vienna
David Reich - Harvard University
Ruben Davtyan - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography
Publication Details: Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), Vol.377(6609), eabm4247
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Grant note: R01 HG012287 / NHGRI NIH HHS R01 GM100233 / NIGMS NIH HHS
Academic Unit: College of Arts and Sciences; Adelphi University; History
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4247
Record Identifier: 991004363990406266