Abstract
Interpretations are a hallmark of psychodynamic treatment and a common skill used in other theoretical orientations. This chapter presents a synthesis of the research literature based on 18 independent samples of 1,011 total patients in individual psychotherapy. The results suggest that the use and accuracy of interpretations were associated, in half the studies, with patient disclosure of emotions and increased insight at the immediate, moment-to-moment unfolding of the session. At the intermediate post-session outcome, the use of interpretations was associated with stronger alliance and greater depth. At the end of treatment, however, although there is some evidence for a positive effect of the use of interpretations on treatment success, there are also neutral effects and even evidence that interpretations have the potential to be harmful in some situations. The chapter concludes with diversity considerations, training implications, and therapeutic practices based on clinical experience and research evidence.