Abstract
"From its origins more than a century ago, cognitive-intellectual testing has exerted a profound effect on many aspects of society, extending across clinical, educational, and occupational areas of decision-making. Based on test usage surveys and published sales figures, intelligence testing has made it possible to appraise, place, and provide services for many millions of at-risk students (e.g., Benson et al, 2019; Camara et al., 2000; Thorndike, 1975). Compared to more subjective sources, like teacher-assigned grades and recommendations, cognitive-intellectual tests offer objective, standardized, and norm-referenced results, usually with demonstrated high reliability and validity estimates. Today, the validity of cognitive-intellectual tests compares favorably with leading tests in healthcare and medicine (Meyer et al., 2001)"--